Google Analytics: How to Perform User Research

Knowing who your users are is crucial to any design process, and user research plays a vital role in that. User research consists of a whole range of different tools and techniques, but what underpins them all is gathering useful information about who your users are and what they want to achieve. When you know what they want to achieve, you can help them achieve it.

Research isn’t only about asking users what they like or hate, but establishing cold, hard facts about them (for example, age and gender demographics, or what browser/device they’re using). We can use analytics to source these facts, so that we can base our design decisions on objective truths.

In this article, I’ll give you some tips on how your analytics data can support and inform your user research, using Google Analytics as the tool of choice for carrying out this research. The data that you source from Google Analytics is no substitute for in-depth user research, but taking an analytics-first approach to research will help you build strong foundations.

If you’d rather take a step back and learn a little more about Google Analytics first, then check out my article on getting started with Google Analytics.

Analytics-first: How It Works

There’s no singular method for approaching user research. You can approach user research in different ways, so the method may change depending on the client or scenario. I like to take an analytics-first approach to UX design, using data from Google Analytics as a starting point for the research process.

Google Analytics data can be used at the start of your process to get a rough idea of the types of users visiting your website. It can then be used to help you create detailed user personas, and to analyze the behavior of those different user types. Analytics will tell you what visitors are doing on your app or website, but it can also be used to find out information about them as people.

With this information, your design then has a direction.

Let’s take a look at some Google Analytics reports that are really useful for starting off the user research process. It’s important to know that you shouldn’t use any of this data in isolation to make UX decisions. Your Google Analytics data should be used as a jumping off point for additional research, rather than a basis for your design decisions. This additional research can take the form of user interviews, user surveys, usability testing, and so on.

Language and Location

Language and Location reports can be found under the Geo sub-section of the Audience reports. The geographical location of your users may alert you to any cultural factors that you should be aware of when designing.

For example, around 58% of German shoppers pay by invoice for online purchases, so if you manage an ecommerce website and you notice you’re getting a lot of German visitors, you may want to consider whether your payment options are suitable enough. Also, in many Asian cultures, the color red means “good luck”, while in the West it’s associated with “error”, so analytics can alert you to any critical UX flaws like that.

Language can also impact your visual design, as the length of words will change when translated, so you may end up with strange-looking call-to-action buttons in certain languages. Different alphabets will also have an impact. For example, the Chinese alphabet is made up of thousands of characters, and Arabic is read from right-to-left. Factors like these will have an impact on your layouts.

Demographics

Demographics information can be found in Google Analytics under the Audience section as well. These reports will tell you, with an 80%–90% degree of accuracy, the ages and genders of your users.

From different ages and genders, it’s important to look at the differences in user behavior as well as the number of visits. You may notice a big difference in conversion rates between older and younger users, and this may be something you go on to investigate in more detail using more qualitative research methods. Maybe there’s an accessibility issue for older users?

Demographics are also useful for recruiting usability testers and subjects for user interviews. For example, if you notice that 80% of your users are female, then you’ll want to ensure that women make up the majority of your usability testing group, to ensure quality responses that reflect your core audience.

Browsers and Devices

Browser and Device reports in Google Analytics, found within the Audience section also, are used mostly for functionality testing. Analysts will often look at which browsers their visitors are using, and then implement testing on the most commonly used ones, to ensure their website renders correctly for the majority of users before anything else.

However, these reports can also reveal hidden secrets about your users. For example, higher income households are more than three times as likely to have a tablet than lower income households, so you may want to investigate whether your tablet users are more affluent, and if so, what that means about their behavior and requirements. You’ll also want to consider how device usage of your audience will impact on your approach to responsive design.

As with all data, though, it’s important not to rely on stereotypes. Further research is required to validate any findings.

Benchmarking

Benchmarking reports can be found in the Audience section. They aim to compare your website to similar websites for certain demographics. Although they aren’t as useful as they could be (due to the limitations on the type of data that’s shared), benchmarking reports do still have their uses.

I often use these reports for comparing device-type breakdown. Looking at the breakdown of mobile, tablet and desktop for a website compared to similar websites gives an idea the type of users they’re attracting.

In the example above, we can see that our users are less likely to be on mobile than our competitors. This tells us what is happening, but we need to undertake other forms of research to find out why this might be happening.

Frequency and Recency

Frequency and Recency reports are found in the Behavior section of the Audience reports. These reports tell you the difference in behavior between New and Returning visitors, as well as show how frequently they visit.

Frequency and Recency data can offer insights into user behavior. For example, if you notice that users are visiting your website several times on the same day, this may suggest they’re comparing your prices to your competitors’ before making a decision on who to purchase from.

You can use this data to create segments for better analyzing your users’ behavior. You may want to create groups of “new visitors”, “returning visitors” and “regular visitors”. This will enable you to compare the user journeys of first-time visitors with those of your most loyal visitors. We’ll take a closer look at segmentation in the next article.

Time of Day

Time of Day information can be very difficult to find in Google Analytics. To see Time of Day data, the best method is to create custom reports and include hour as your primary dimension. You can use your new Time of Day report to better understand the context in which users are engaging with your website, and then to begin to explain the different behaviors.

Time of Day can indicate likely location. For example, if users are on mobile in the morning, there’s a decent chance they’ll be commuting, while tablet use in the evening is more likely to indicate that the user is at home.

You’ll want to talk to your users to validate these assumptions, but the data here can ensure that you start asking the right questions.

Traffic Source

Channel reports can be found in the Acquisition section of Google Analytics. These reports are regularly used by marketers to report back on the ROI of advertising campaigns, but the channel that visitors come in from can potentially tell you something about their intent too.

Visits that happen via Paid Search will include keywords that can tell you what the user was looking for when they arrived on your website. Users arriving via campaigns, such as email marketing, will already be familiar with your brand and are likely to have different goals than first time visitors.

Knowing what users are looking for when they reach a certain web page will help you prioritize certain content, and design a user journey that’s geared towards helping them convert, or to achieve their intended goal.

Conclusion

The data in these reports lays the foundation for an analytics-first approach to UX design, but we need to incorporate other forms of user research in order to get a more complete picture of how our users are behaving. There are three ways that Google Analytics data can help inform your user research. Google Analytics helps with the following:

1. Informing usability testing and user interviews. Data from your device, country and demographic reports will help you decide which users to test on which devices.

2. Persona creation and analysis. Use the reports which give you indications about who your users are to feed into your research to create personas. These can then be created as segments in Google Analytics and analyzed.

3. Convincing stakeholders. You can use your Google Analytics data to back up your argument for clients who are more interested in quantitative data over qualitative data.

Now that you know how Google Analytics can be used for user research, the next article in our Google Analytics series will show you how to use this data to find potential problem areas on your website and improve user experience.